Based on a short-pylon cable-stayed bridge, the stress of the main beam in the anchorage zone of cable beam is tested in the field to determine the variation rule of the stress in the whole construction process. A refined analysis model of cable beam anchorage zone with elastic boundary conditions is used to compare the calculation result and the measured result in order to verify the accuracy of the analysis model. At the same time, the parameters of the main beam in the anchorage zone of cable beam are analyzed to study the stress distribution law of the main beam in different states in the anchorage zone. The results show that during the whole construction process, the stress at different measuring points in the anchorage area of the main beam cable beam varies greatly before the tension of the cable and installation of the next cable, and then tends to be stable. The tension stress appears at the upper part of the flange plate. The shrinkage and creep, overall warming and overall cooling have little influence on the compressive stress of main beam concrete. The temperature change has a great influence on the tensile stress of concrete in the anchorage zone of flange plate. The influence of temperature change on the transverse stress of flanged slab concrete in the anchorage zone of cable beam should be fully considered in bridge design.