In view of the deformation characteristics of foundation and its caused concrete structure rupture and leakage risks of large sewage treatment tank, the deformation characteristics of foundation under the artificial precipitation, excavation, pile foundation reinforcement and coast tidal groundwater infiltration are studied, and the basic equation of foundation deformation and the unified function expression under the comprehensive influence of multiple factors are established. Combined with Shanghai Bailonggang Wastewater Treatment Plant Project, the foundation deformation possibly caused by the construction and environmental factors of the engineering area and its adverse effect on the structural stress are analyzed. The results show that the curvature of foundation deformation has a direct influence on the stress of the structure. The smaller the curvature radius is, the greater the additional stress and the higher the crack risk of the structure. The higher the structure height is, the more sensitive the response to foundation bending deformation is. And the stress concentration degree is high and the risk of local stress overrun increases at the abrupt change of bending stiffness of the structure.